Vojnam ani Mapam
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Romi
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Vojnam ani mapam : dhany ani her toreche podarth, zomin adichea deughevichea veuharakhatir zokhpamapopachim sorvomany toxench xasnomany oxim molvannechi upkoronnam.
Itihas
[बदल]Ejipt, sumeria, aesiria, bebilonia:somvsarantoli otipurvil'lim oxim don torechim vojnam (i.So.Adim 7000 ani i.So. Adim 5000) ijiptantlea ut'tor vattharantlea nakdda hangchea pornea thoddeant mell'lleant. Hea kallant don vegvegllea somskriteo ostitvant axil'leo. Hatuntolim poilea prokarachim vojnam lambsar vanttkullim ani dus-ya prokarochim vojnam xonkhaakarachim asun he donoi prokar chunea fatra posun toyar kel'le. Him vojnam bikka pod'doticher adaril'lim axil'lim. Dusrea prokarchea vojnachea kallantoi parddeo naxil'li tambddea chuneafatorachi ek tagddi mell'llea.
Measuring_tools_in_the_year_of_queen_elizabet.
Inglonddache poile elizhabeth rannyechea kallantolim vojnam him bikka pod'doticher adaril'lim vojnam choddkorun bhangra - rupeachem vozon korpak vaprotale. Ijiptantlea 3000 vorsanche razouttint tim vaprant axil'lean fuddem grik romon ani orob lokamni him vojnam apapole razouttint vaprant haddlim.
I.So. Adim somar 3500 saun ijiptantoli hairoglifik lipi ani sumeriantoli kyunifearm' lipi hankam lagun thoinchim vojnam ani mapam hanchim chitram ani protyokx mhotvacho oso puravo mell'llo. Tea kallantosim vojnam tambddea chunea fatrachim toxench ghott'tt osa besaltt, ddayoraitt ani hemettaitt fatranchi astalim. (i.So. Adim sumar 3100) te ikravea - baravea rajvonxameren borch forok asat.
Teravea te sotravea rajvonxantlea kallant sumeria ani bebilonia dexant fokot hemettaitt fatraposun toyar kel'lim vojnam vaprotale. Tanche akar ekadrea nhidil'lea bodkauri asun, tanchim vojnam kaim gram'meren te 60.55 kigre. Itlea vhodd vojnachim astalim. Tancher ur - ningir - su' (legexoche raje) hem namv koril'lem astalem. Hea razancho kall i.So. Adim sumar 2530 axil'lo. Vhodd vojnachem moloi axil'leachem dakhoitale.
I.So. Adim sumar 2000-1800 chea kallant sumeriantlea irek ani or hanga samkea chokchokit ani gullgullit oxa hemettaittchea fatranchich nagpuri boramvri punn sopatt bhag axil'lim vojnam toyar korpachi protha axil'li. Uprantchea kallant porot bodka akarachim ani kallea hemettaitt fatraposun vojnam toyar korunk lagle.
Ijiptantlea i.Lo. Adim 1500 te 1450 hea xotmanant tis-ya dhottmijh hachea kallant thibjh hangachea ॲmon devachea deullantole vonnttir ek vhodd tagddechem chitr asa. Ut'tor ijiptantlea ttel el omarna hangachea i.So. Adim sumar 1370 te 1350 tosi vaprant axil'li ek tagddi mell'llea.
I.So. Adim pondravea te baravea xotmanamerenchea kallant ijiptachea vojnache zoddonn ghoddnnint khub bodol zale. Fatrancho zago branzhan ghetlo toxench bhumiti-i akaram zagear monzatiche akar aile. Hea kallant siria ani ijiptantole vepari vhodd promannant tagddeo ani vojnam vaprotale. Tache adim tagddeancho upeg fokot raje rajvadde, vhodd odhikari ani dellam hankam lagpi bhangra - rupeachea vojnankhatir kortale. Punn fatranchim voddnam chodd tigpi axil'lim. Dekhun i.So. Adim sumar 1350 chea kallant porot ghott'tt oxa grenaitt fatrachim vojnam korunk lagle.
I.So. Adim atthvea xotmanant ttaigris nhomyeche ut'toreuttenchea vojnam ani mapam : dhany ani her toreche podarth, zomin adichea deughevichea veuharakhatir zokhpamapopachim sorvomany toxench xasnomany oxim molvannechi upkoronnam.
Itihas : ijipt, sumeria, aesiria, bebilonia:somvsarantoli otipurvil'lim oxim don torechim vojnam (i.So.Adim 7000 ani i.So. Adim 5000) ijiptantlea ut'tor vattharantlea nakdda hangchea pornea thoddeant mell'lleant. Hea kallant don vegvegllea somskriteo ostitvant axil'leo. Hatuntolim poilea prokarachim vojnam lambsar vanttkullim ani dus-ya prokarochim vojnam xonkhaakarachim asun he donoi prokar chunea fatra posun toyar kel'le. Him vojnam bikka pod'doticher adaril'lim axil'lim. Dusrea prokarchea vojnachea kallantoi parddeo naxil'li tambddea chuneafatorachi ek tagddi mell'llea.
Measuring_tools_in_the_year_of_queen_elizabet.
Inglonddache poile elizhabeth rannyechea kallantolim vojnam him bikka pod'doticher adaril'lim vojnam choddkorun bhangra - rupeachem vozon korpak vaprotale. Ijiptantlea 3000 vorsanche razouttint tim vaprant axil'lean fuddem grik romon ani orob lokamni him vojnam apapole razouttint vaprant haddlim.
I.So. Adim somar 3500 saun ijiptantoli hairoglifik lipi ani sumeriantoli kyunifearm' lipi hankam lagun thoinchim vojnam ani mapam hanchim chitram ani protyokx mhotvacho oso puravo mell'llo. Tea kallantosim vojnam tambddea chunea fatrachim toxench ghott'tt osa besaltt, ddayoraitt ani hemettaitt fatranchi astalim. (i.So. Adim sumar 3100) te ikravea - baravea rajvonxameren borch forok asat.
Teravea te sotravea rajvonxantlea kallant sumeria ani bebilonia dexant fokot hemettaitt fatraposun toyar kel'lim vojnam vaprotale. Tanche akar ekadrea nhidil'lea bodkauri asun, tanchim vojnam kaim gram'meren te 60.55 kigre. Itlea vhodd vojnachim astalim. Tancher ur - ningir - su' (legexoche raje) hem namv koril'lem astalem. Hea razancho kall i.So. Adim sumar 2530 axil'lo. Vhodd vojnachem moloi axil'leachem dakhoitale.
I.So. Adim sumar 2000-1800 chea kallant sumeriantlea irek ani or hanga samkea chokchokit ani gullgullit oxa hemettaittchea fatranchich nagpuri boramvri punn sopatt bhag axil'lim vojnam toyar korpachi protha axil'li. Uprantchea kallant porot bodka akarachim ani kallea hemettaitt fatraposun vojnam toyar korunk lagle.
Ijiptantlea i.Lo. Adim 1500 te 1450 hea xotmanant tis-ya dhottmijh hachea kallant thibjh hangachea ॲmon devachea deullantole vonnttir ek vhodd tagddechem chitr asa. Ut'tor ijiptantlea ttel el omarna hangachea i.So. Adim sumar 1370 te 1350 tosi vaprant axil'li ek tagddi mell'llea.
I.So. Adim pondravea te baravea xotmanamerenchea kallant ijiptachea vojnache zoddonn ghoddnnint khub bodol zale. Fatrancho zago branzhan ghetlo toxench bhumiti-i akaram zagear monzatiche akar aile. Hea kallant siria ani ijiptantole vepari vhodd promannant tagddeo ani vojnam vaprotale. Tache adim tagddeancho upeg fokot raje rajvadde, vhodd odhikari ani dellam hankam lagpi bhangra - rupeachea vojnankhatir kortale. Punn fatranchim voddnam chodd tigpi axil'lim. Dekhun i.So. Adim sumar 1350 chea kallant porot ghott'tt oxa grenaitt fatrachim vojnam korunk lagle.
I.So. Adim atthvea xotmanant ttaigris nhomyeche ut'toreuttenchea ॲsiria razouttin fatra zagear branzhachim toxench tambeachim vojnam procharant haddlim. Hea vojnancho akar suxeg gheta oxa kolapurnn ximvacho astalo. Oxa ximvakriti vojnancho ek purai sonch ॲsiria razanchea i.So. Adim 745 te 705 hea kalkhonddant toyar zal'lo, nimrud hangachea rajvaddeachea provexodarakodde mell'lla. Vhodd vojnank ukhlopakhatir branzhacheo mutthi asun lhan vojnank vhan vanttkulleo mudeo astaleo. Him ximvakriti vojnam odrea xekel saun te 2 ttelett meren mhollear 60.303 kigre. Meren sodeachea mosul gamvalagchea khorsabad hea purvil'lea nograchea ovxexant mell'lleant. ॲsiriache he dhortechea vojnamnim namvam oxim : 1 ttelett 60 mina, 1 mina 60 xekel, xekelochem vozon sumar 8.36 gre. Axil'lem. He pod'dotik fuddem 'ddarik' hem namv poddlem.
Purvil'lea kallant modhy tem udentetlea vegvegllea dexant vaprant axil'lea promannobhut vojnant xekel ani mina him namvam soglleak astalim. Punn ijiptant keddett hem ekok dhorun tache dha pottin ddeben ( 10 keddett), sep (100 keddett) him procharant axil'lim -(1)peem' (pelesttain, ijhrael); (2) ddarik (sumeria, bebilonia, ॲsiria); (3) sttettor (ary, okion); (4) keddett (ijipt); (5) nesef (siria); (6) khorin (porxia);(7)bikka (ijipt); (8) sela (finixia).
Grik vojnam: hangam don mukhel ani promannobhut oxim vojnam procharant axil'lim. Ek izaina ani dusrem othens.
1) izaina: hem 12.44 grem' vojnachem ekok asun tachea ½ bhagak ddrakma ani 1/12 bhagak obol oxim namvam axil'lim. Ddrakma 6.22 gremancho ani obol 1.037 gremancho axil'lo. Toxench 1 mina = 50 sttettor = 100 ddrakma = 622.08 grem'. Astalim. Him vojnam branjh ani xixachim asun kamsva akarachim astalim. 2)othens: hem 8.75 grem' vojnachem asun tachea ½ bhagak ddrakma ani 1/12 bhagak obol him namvam axil'lim. Toxench 1 mina = 50 sttettor = 100 ddrakma = 437.5 gre. Axil'lim. Him' vojnam branzhachim ani xixachim asun tacher dhubddachem chitr koril'lem astalem. Hea vojnache promannobhut nomune zontechea sondrbhakhatir othens xarant dourotale. Hea donoi prokarant 1 ttelett = 60 mina hench promann dhoril'lem.
Romon vojnam: hanga i.So. Dhavea xotmana laun branzhachim nannim ani vojnam procharant axil'lim. I.So. Adim sumar 338 laun nixrchit akarachim chhap axil'lim nannim ani vojnam romon ani lettin lokant procharant ailim. Nanneanche so prokar astale. Tatuntlea ekkachem namv ॲso asun vozon ittruskon ani eskon poundda itlem mhollear 4210 gren (272.81 gre.) axil'lem. ½ bhagak sem'mi, ⅓ bhagak ttrain, ¼ bhagak kvaddron, 1/6 bhagak seksotton ani 1/12 bhagak onchio oxim namvam axil'lim. Uprantchea kallant branjh nannea zagear rupeachem dineorios 1 onchio (27.41 gre.), 72 dineorai = 1 libra (poundd), 1 libra = 12 onchio (oums) = 328.9 gre. Brittix songrohaloyant axil'lea pornea vojnachea nomuneant 10 libralaun ¼ onchiamerenochim vojnam asat. Veparodhondeakhatir hi pod'dot ruddh axil'li. 2 obol = 1 skripyulom' (skrupol), 24 skripyula (skrupol)= 1 onchio ani 12 onchio = 1 lubra.
Orbi vojnam:i.So. Panchvea te atthvea xotmanant orob lokant vojnacheo tin pod'doti ruddh axil'leo. Heo xekel hea ekkacher adarit axil'lea ani tache ½ bhag, ¼ bhag kel'le astale. Hea tin pod'dotintlea vojnachea ekkachim namvam ani muleam oxim : (1) dinar: (4.212gre.) (2) di-hem': (2.916 gre.)rupem zokhpakhatir vaprotale. (3) di-hem' (3.18 gre.) hem vepar dhondeant va bhangra - rupeacho logddi zokhpakhatir ekok mhunn vaprotale. Hea ekkanchem nemkem ponn 0.13 gre. He moreadet i.So. 1259 meren tigoupant ayil'lem. Orbamni apli ekkam xezarchea gris, porxia, ijipt adi dexant prochlich axil'lea ekkank sohzoponnan bhagu xoktolim oxim kel'lim. Di-hem' ekkache 16 bhag korun dor eka bhagak kirot mhonnttale. 10 du-hem' = 1 vukiye ani 12 vukiye = 1 rottol. Toxench 1 kirot = 3 hebbe (zovache danne) va 4 kambeh (gomvanche danne) oxi vibhagonni kel'li. Brittix ani yuropi-i dexantlea uprantchea kallantlea promannobhut vojnancher soglleant chodd protyokx probhavo poddil'lo heo soglleant porneo orbi vozon pod'doti asat.
French ani her vojnam:(atthvem te ekunnisavem xotman) modhy yugant vojnacheo vegveglleo pod'doti procharant axil'lean vepa-yam'mdim vadvivad chodd zatale. Dexadexantuch nhoi zalear prantaprantant ani xaranxarant legit vegvegolle torechim vojnam astalim. Punn porno romon poundd yuropantlea choddxa vattharant otthravea xotmanameren voijki ani vokhdanchea kamankhatir vaprant axil'lo. Hea pounddachem vibhazom' oxem 12 oums = 96 ddrakma (ddram') = 228 skupol = 5,760 gomvache danne oxem kel'lem.
French vojnam: perisant mettrik pod'dot yeunche adim thoinchem mukhel vepari vozon ekok 'pve do mar' hem axil'lem. Tachem vibhazon oxem kel'lem 1 liuhor = 2 mar = 16 oums = 128 gro = 384 denjhe = 9,216 gren. Langdeak ani aryejh vattharant vegllett ekok prochlit axil'le. Kerenojhe hem ekok gorvam'mamsachea vojnakhatir, 100 liuhorancho kvinttol zodd vepari vojnakhatir zalear, zohazantlea malakhatir tton hem ekok vaprotale. Tton do mir hem pve do mar pod'dotint 2,000 liuhoranchem vozon axil'lem. Porno romon poundd perisant 1732 meren vokhdi vojnakhatir vaprant axil'lo. Teuporant tachea zagear pve do mar hem vozon ailem. Toxench gro ani gren hanchim namvam drakme ani skrupol oxim zalim.
Her dex: zormonint moladik dhatukhatir kolon mark hem promannobhut vozon 1524 to tharaupak ailem. Tachem vibhazon oxem axil'lem.1 mark = 8 oums = 16 loth = 64 kvinttin = 256 fenig(va ddeniyr)= 4,352 exen. Bhangor ani rupeakhatir florens poundd procharant axil'lem ani tachem vibhazon oxem axil'lem - 12 oums = 96 ddrakma = 288 dinari = 6,912 gren(= 448 gre). Sogllea torechea vepari vojnankhatir hench vozon kaidexir axil'lem. Spen ani tachea sogllea vosahotint kesttilochem mark vozon kaidexir axil'lem.(1) mark = 8 oums = 64 okhava = 128 oddarm' = 384 ttomin 4,608 gren (= 298.6 gre.). (2) mark = 1 poundd = 7,100 inglix gren ( = 460 gre.). Heach markan bhangrachem-i vozon kortale. Punn tachem vibhazon oxem axil'lem: 1 kvinttol = 4 oroba = 101.4 inglix poundd chini vepari malachem mukhel vozon pekol hem axil'lem: 1 pekol = 100 ketti = 133.3 inglix poundd ; 1 ketti = 16 ttil = 1,600 kanddorin.
Inglix vojnam:(atthvem te ekunnisavem xotman). Morxiacho raza ofa (757-96) hannem suru kel'loya novea nanneant 22.5 gren (1.46 gre.)vojnachi rupeachi peni mulbhut axil'li.Him nannim 1527 meren inglix vozon pod'dotik promannobhut axil'lim. Hi peni 'peni sttorlig' hea namvan vollkhotale ani ti orbi rupea ordea di-hemacher adarit axil'li (sumar 3.22 - 23 gren). Hi vozon pod'dot sarki orbi pod'doti bhaxen axil'li. Punn ticheantolo oums 20 peninchea vojnaborobor axil'lo ani poundd 12 oumsancho mhollear 450 grenancho axil'lo. Haka ttour poundd mhonnun vollkhotale. Fuddem 1527 vorsa he pod'dotizagear ttroi vozon pod'dot chalint aili.
Tisro henri hannem 1266 vorsa odheadexaurovim pounddachi nixrchit veakhea tharaili. Punn rupea peni adleuri 22.5 grenanchich axil'li. Nanneancho poundd 5,400 grenancho ani vepari poundd 6,750 grenancho urlo. Hea odhea dexantolo 15 oumsacho poundd, rupeachea ani vepari malakhatir vaprant axil'lea purvil'lea ॲttik minacher adaril'lo axil'lo. Hem vozon bhumdhy samudrik veparant, teravea xotmanameren ostont yuropantlea povitr romon samrajeantlea ani inglonddoche vepari sombond axil'lea zormon xarant vhodd promannant vaprant axil'lem.
ॲvhor do poijh vozon (1340): hem namv zodd malachea vojnakhatir vaprant axil'lem. Tisro eddourdd hannem ingloddant novem vojnachem promann 1340 to prosthapit kelem. Tannem toyar kel'lea vojnacho sonch 7,7,14,28,56 ani 91 poundd vojnacho asa. Hea vojnacho adar 6992 grenancho poundd ani 437 grenancho oums axil'lo. Hem ॲvhor do poijh vozon spoxttoponnan lokrichea vojnakhatir prosthapit korpant ayil'lem.
Ttroi vozon: hi pod'dot inglix xetti modim chodd ruddh axil'li. Inglix ttanksalli pod'dot ozunoi ttour pounddaurich adaril'li axil'li. Ttroi pod'dotint 24 gren mhollear 1 penichem vozon; 20 peninchem vozon mhollear 1 oums; 12 oums mhollear 1 poundd axil'lem. Ttroi pod'dot samki orbi pod'dotiurich axil'li ani tatunt peninchem vozon 47 grenanchea di-homachea ½ axil'lem. 1527 vorsa ttanksallint ttour pounddavangodda vepari pounddoi rod'd korun 5,760 grenancho ttroi poundd odhikrit ttanksalli poundd zalo.
Satvo henri hannem purai inglix vojnam toxench rexi-i auni ghonfoll mapam hanchi somvidhani-i mullaunnacher 1497 to ubaronni keli. Vojnam ani mapam hanchim rajyokoxi-i mankam prodhan sondrbh mankam mhunn inglonddantlea 43 mhotvachea xarant dhaddpant ailim. Hea somvidhanapromann 5,760 grenancho ttroi poundd 480 grenanchea 12 oumsat ani 24 grenancho 240 peni vojnant vibhag kele ani roupy penichem vozon ttoi pounddacho 480 vo bhag mhollear 12 gren tharaupant ailo. Tisro eddourdd hannem prosthapit kel'lea 6,992 grenanchea poundda zagear 7,000 gren oso promann poundd poile elizhabeth rannyen 1588 to prosthapit kelo.
Elizhabeth rannyechim mankam (1558 - 1603):elizhabeth rannyechea kallant inglix vojnank khoreponnan sthirtai aili. Tanchi 1588 toli ॲvhor do peaijh ani ttroi vojnanchi tisri ani nimnni xrenni 1824 meren mukhel mankam axil'lim. Vellar fonddreddovett (va 2240 poundd) oxim onumanam promannobhut tharaupant ailim. Inglix vojnank lang (dirgh) va greas honddreddovett ani tton oxe mehnnunk lagle. Elizhabeth rannyechea kallant ॲvhor do poijh vojnam 1 poundd = 16 oums = 7,000 gren hea promannacher adaril'li axil'lim.
Brittix impiriyol mankam: lordd kerisofeartt hache odhyokxotekhal somsdi-i somitin 1758 - 60 hea vorsa toyar korun ghetil'lim mankam 1824 to kaidexir korpant ailim. 1824 posun sogllim brittix mankam impiriyol mankam mhunn vollkhunk lagle. 5,760 ttroi poundd ho mukhel pounddzalo ani ॲvhor do poijh poundd 16 oumsancho ani 7,000 ttroi grenancho tharailo. I.So. 1843 to mukhel poundd manak 7,000 grenancho ॲvhor do peaijh poundd tharailo ani ttreai poundd 5,760 ॲvhor do peaijh grenancho korpant ailo. 1913 to 3 ⅓ grenancho ( ttreai oumsacho 150 vo bhag ) inglix va hi-yacho kerett sadaronn upegant urlo. Vokhdachea purouttheakhatir ॲvhor do peaijh poundd, oums ani gren sorvosamany vaprant aile. Teuporant 1963 tolea odhinemapromann soglli inglix vojnam ani mapam hanche mettrik pod'dotintlea vojnant ani mapant porot veakhea korpant aileo ani teuporant don vorsamni raxttri-i paunddear ho bodol veuharant yeupak survat zali. Veparakhatir impiriyol manok poundd ani vigonean toxench tontrovidea hatunt antororaxttri-i poundd (= 0.45359232 antororaxttri-i kigre.) mulbhut tharaupant aile.
Omerikechea somyukt somsthanantleo vozon pod'doti : zarz veaxingtton hannem 1790 to cholon, vojnam ani mapam hatuntole ekvidhoteche gorjekodde kangresichem lokx vhelem. Punn ud'deg ani veparant inglix vojnanch procharant axil'lim. Heach kallant framsant mettrik pod'dot veuharant yetali. Punn omerikon ingili pod'dotikoddenuch zulloun gheupacho yotn kel'lo. Ekunnisavea xotmanachea modheasaun zoxim zoxim novim rajeam songhant aspaulim, toxe toxem tankam mankanche sonch divpant aile. Tea xotmanachea nimannea kallant manok vojnam' ani mapachea karealoyachem karyokxetr vaddoilem ani 1901 to sot'ter ayil'lea kangres odhiniyoman tachem nexnol byuro ef sttonddrddsant rupantor zalem. Hea byurokodde bhoutik mankam toyar korpachem ani manok pod'doti prosthapit korpakhatir madar divpachem, toxench tea vixeantlea sonxodhonacho vaur sompoil'lo. Hea byurourovim sogllea rajeanchim vojnam ani mapam hanchea vidhividhanant vastou ani ekvidhota aili.
Bharti-i vojnam ani mapam : voidik gronthant purvil'lea kallantlea vozon pod'dotichi kaim promannant mhaiti melltta. Vosixtth dhormosutrant vojnam him gorjechi vostu asun razan tancheant ochukoponn dourunk zai oxem vornnon asa. Monu, yagonevlky, vosuxtth, kouttily toxench apstomb dhormosutrant vojnam ani mapam hatunt fottingoponna kelear to guneav tharaun tatunt pramannikoronn dourop gorjechem sanglam. Monusmritint roti va tambddi gunz he biyecho, vojnacho mulbhut ekok mhunn ul'lekh asa. Gujechem sorasori vozon 1.75 ttreai gren va 113.4 migre. Thorta. Monsmriti ani yagonevlkyosmriti hatunt bhangor, rupem ani tambem hea dhondeant vapropant yelpi gunz ani tacher adarit vojnachem koxttok oxem: rupeakhatir (trosrennu = 1 likxa; 3 likxa = 1 razosrxop; 3 razosrxop = 1 gourosrxop; 6 gourosrxop = 1 you; 3 you = 1 krixnnol va roktika (gunz; 2 krixnnol va roktika = 1 max (uddid) ; 16 max = 1 dhoronn va puronn ; 10 dhoronn = 1 xotman. Dhaneam, vokhdam, moladik khodde hanchim vojnam veglle pod'dotichim axil'lim. Bhangor ani tambea khatir 5 krixnnol va roktika = 1 max; 16 max = 1 korx, okx, tolok, va bhangor; 4 suvrnn = 1 pol va nixk ; 10 pol = 1 dhoronn (bhangrachem).
Mohem zo doddo hoddpepa hangachea utkhononant i.So. Adim tisrea xotmanant vaprant axil'lim vegvegolle torechim vojnam mell'lleyant. Promannoteche babtint sindhu somskritintolim vojnam ul'lekh korpasarokim asat. Him vojnam chortt, chuneafator, pott'ttitaxm', pattyecho fator, kelseddoni, dhovo subhaza hea sarkea vegvegllea prokarchea fatramposun toyar kel'lim axil'lim. Tanchea akarant tanchea vojnomuleam promann ani upegapromann forok axil'le. Mohem zo doddo hangachea utkhotonant mellil'lim vojnam 1,2,4,8, 16,32,64,160,200,320,640,1600,3200,6400,8000,128000 hea gunnot'torant asat. Hatuntolem soglleant vhodd vozon 10,770 gre. Chem asa. Hanga tagddeo mat chodd promannant mellunk nat.
Purvil'li bharti-i vozon pod'dot don va char ankoddeanche pottin vaddpa lhan - vhodd vibhagancher adaril'li axil'li. Uprant i.So. Adim 1200 hea kallant ary ani hindu lokamvrovi 80 ani 100 hea sonkheancher adaril'leo vozon pod'doti aileo. Tamnni dhoऱnno (500 ttreai gren, 32.4 gre.) ani hon (6,750 ttreai gren;437.4 gre.) hancho vojnam mhunn bhartant prosar kelo. Teuporant i.So. Adim 600 chea kallant turanni lok ut'torekoddlean bhartant aile ani tamnni hona zagear 6,918 ttreai gren (447.9 gre.) vojnacho hon procharant haddlo. I.So. Adim 300 chea kallant grikamni ostont bhartant aettik vojnancho prosar kelo.
Kouttili-i orthoxastrantlea ekunnisavea odheayant vojnam ani mapam hanchea promannavixim mhaiti melltta. Tatunt vojnanchem koxttok oxem asa:10 max va 5 gunzo 1 maxok; 16 maxok = 1 suvrnn va korx;4 korx = 1 pol ; 88 gourosrxop = 1 chandichem maxok ; 16 rupeachem maxok va 20 xoiby danne (eke torechem kodd'dhany) = 1 dhoronn; 20 tonddul (tandllache danne)= 1 dhoronn (hireacho); 20 tula = 1 bhar; 10 dhoronn = 1 pol; 100 pol = 1 aimani 1/2,2,4,8,10,20,30,40,100 suvrnnanchim toxench dhornnanchim voddnam toyar korchim.
I.So. Adim 10 chea kallant ut'tor bhartant grikamni romon pounddoz hem vozon haddlem. I.So. Atthvea - dhavea xotmanant dokxinn bhartant raxttrokutt vonxachea kallant prochlit axil'lea vojnant kolom' (32.66 kigre.)hem vozon tomzaur ani dokxinn orkatt bhagant visavea xotmanant chalu axil'lem. Baravea xotmanant musloman ani potthann lokamni bhartant rot'tol (=7,000 ttreai gren;478 gre.)hem vozon procharant haddlem.
Sumar 2500 vorsam adim bhartant vapropant yeupi 'puronn' hem vozon nnouvea xotmanant ponzab ani ut'tor bhartantlea hindu razanche karkirdint vaprant ailem. 1191 to musloman razokrteamni hem vozon apnnailem. Hem vozon 'ttonk' hea namvakhal 1488 meren ani uprant vorah hea namvakhal kaim kall procharant axil'lem. Vedkallant areamni xotorktika hem 100 roti edea axil'lea nojmachi survat keli. Musloman razokrteamni hem vozon apnnailem. Pondravea xotmanant xerxah ani okbor hea razamni tollo, xer monn him vojnam vaprant haddlim. Vegvegllea sonkhyechea tambeachea nanneanchea vojnamvoilean xerachem vozon 30 dam', zohangirachea kallant 36 dam' zalear xohazohan hachea kallant 40 dam' axil'lem. Moratthexahint xer, monn him vojnanchi ekkam prochlit axil'lim. Punn tanchim muleam vegvegollekodden vegvegollim astali. Toxench tea kallant lambai mejpak hatachea koprasaun modlea bottachea tonkamerenochi lambai kyubik hem ontor ekok mhunn vaprotale. Verull hangachea lenneachea obheasauylean hea ekkachi lambai 18 inch (457.2 mimi.) asuye hea ekkak tea kallant host hea namvan vollkhotale. Hea hostacho lhan bhag mhollear angull ani eka hostachim 24 angllam mantale.
Brittix kallant bhartant ani mapant ekvakyota haddpakhatir 1867 laun yotn korpak lagle ani tepromann kendri-i ani pranti-i sthorancher odhinem' kele. Punn tanchi favo ti om'molobozaunni zaunk naxil'lean tton, xer, chhottak toxench tollo hea vojnank manyotai divpant aili. Vegvegllea vattharantlea xerantoli tolleanchi sonkhea vegvegolli axil'li. Dekhik : surtecho xer 37 tolleancho.(mumboicho 28 tolleancho ani bellgamvocho 20 tolleancho). Mumboi sorkaran 1932 to vozon mapant ek sutriponna haddpache nodren kel'lea odhinemapromann mumboi xer = 80 tolle, mumboi monn = 40 xer oxem nixrchit kelem. Techvangodda bhangor ani rupeakhatir 1 tollo = 180 gren, ek val = 1/40 tollo = 4.5 gren, 1 roti = 1/62 tollo him vojnam tharaupant ailim. Tebhair aeuhor do peaijh ani aepeathekoriz vojnam-i brittix pod'dotipromann vaprant axil'li.
Bhartant 1956 to mettrik pod'dot gheupakhatir somsden odhinemak manyotai dili ani 1958 saun ho odhinem' chalik laglo. Hea odhinema promann mettrik vojnavangodda addlim vojnam-i kaim kall chalu urlim. Purai mrottrik pod'dot vaprant haddpakhatir dha vorsancho kall laglo. Dhaneanchi devann - gheunn vojnan ani drou podarthanchi mapan korchi oxem nixrchit zalem. Hea odhinemant mittor ani hanche ady nomune inttoronexonol byuro ef vetts ondd mejhrsokoddlean vikte gheun bhartantlea nexnol fijikol leborettorikodde obhirkxa ani dekhbhal hanche khatir divpavixim ani rajy sorkarakhatir raxttri-i mukhel mankankodde odhipromannit axil'le sonch toyar korpakhatir tortudi korpant aileo. He khatir inttoronexonol ergonaijhexon ef ligol mettrealoji hea antororaxttri-i songhttonecho 1956 to bharot vangddi zalo. Bharti-i manok somstha vojnam ani mapam hanchea vinirdexant yeupi oddchonnincher sol'lo divpi tomtrik somstha mhunn kary korta. Protyokx veuharant vapropachim vojnam, mapam polloun tancher xikke marpavixim ani tekhatir niyontrokaposun nirikxonnameren odhikari nempavixim odhinemant tortudi asat. Vojnam, mapam topasonnekhatir dakhol korpavixinche adex divp, tekhatir gorjechea thollar provex korop ani tim tabeant gheup adi odhikar nirikxokak asat. Vojnam, mapanchea ani upkoronnanchea utpadokank durusti korpeank ani vepareank sorkari porvano gheucho poddtta. Promann vojnam, mapam herancho vapor korpak bondi asa. Vepari adini toxench odhikareamni nemancho bhong kelear te xikxek patr thartat. Mettrik pod'dot hi doxman pod'dot asa. Mhollear ticheantoli sogllim lhan vhodd ekkam mulbhut ekkachea 10 chea va 10 chea purnn ghatachea (zoxe 100 = 102, 1000 = 103,1/100 = 10-2) pottin axil'lean gonnit kriteam korpak sopem zata ho he pod'doticho khaxelo faido asa. Heo potti mull ekkak kaim uposrg laun uktaupak yetat. Te uposrg oxe - mettrik pod'dotintole uposrg:
ddeka = 10 ddesi =10-1 hektto =102 sentti =10-2 kilo =103 mili =10-3 mege =106 maikro =10-6 gige =109 neno va milimaikro =10-9 ttera =1012 paiko =10-12 petta =1015 femtta=10-15 ekzha =10118 aett'tto=10-18
he pod'doticho dusro faido mhollear tim sogllea raxttramni many kel'li axil'lean ticheant ukti kel'lim raximuleam soglleant sohoz somzotat.He pod'doticho tisro faido mhollear ti susongot asa. Mhollear don (va chodd) raxinchea gunnakaran va bhagakaran mellpi novi ras apxich tichea favo tea mettrik ekkanchea svorupant melltta. Bhartant mettrik pod'doticho prosar khuboch unnea promannant zalo. 1976 to promannobhut vojnam ani mapam odhinm' somsdet som'mot korpant ailo. Tatunt 1956 uprantchea vigoneanik progticho vichar korun antororaxttri-i ekok pod'dotik pradheany divpant ailem. Tapman, dab ani gurutvi-i proveg hache porinnam' tapmanachea unneachodd bodlak lagun podarthanchi lambai kxetrofoll ani dhonfoll hatunt unno chodd forok poddtta. Mankachea tapmanaporos vegllea tapmanant tacho upeg kortona tacho prosronn gunnank divcho poddtta. Mankam toyar kortonam vaprant axil'lim promannit tapmanam gorjepromann vegvegollim astat. 00 se hem tapman zaitea vella promannit tapman mhunn vaprotat. Mettrik pod'dotintolem mittor hem manok ady manok toyar kortona va te pod'dotichim dusrim mankam toyar kortanam 200 se. Hem tapman vapril'lem asta. Atroraxttri-i vojnam ani mapam toyar kortonam 200 se. Hench tapman dhortat. Jen'na ghonta ani ghonfoll hachea mapnachea prosongar 40 se. ( udkache moht'tom' ghontechem tapman) hem tapman dhoril'lem asta.
Lambayechea mankacher vatauronni-i dabantlea forkacho kainch porinnam' zaina. Dabantolo forok ( pareachea unchayechea bhaxent) 80 mimi. Zal'lo aslear ady mittrant doxolkxanx mimi. Itlo sukxm' forok zal'lo mell'lla. Punn vostumananchi tulla kortona vatauronni-i dabantolo forok toxench tapmanantole ani ardrotetole forok hancho boroch porinnam' zata.
Vojnam ani mapam nixrchit korpachem kam' promannit vatauronni-i dab 760 mimi. (pareachi uchai, toxench pareachi zontai 13.5951 gre./sem'mi), tapman 00 se. Gurutvi-i provex 980. 665 sem'mi./ sekond oxa vegvegllea ottimpromann korpant yeta.
Promannit vojnachea nomuneachi tulla korpakhatir samke ochuk ani somvedonkxom' oxa sombhuza aspi danddi ani parddi suri dharecher lombti axil'lea tagddeamni korunk yeta. Oxa tagddeamni promannit kilogram' oxa vojnatlea 10-7 kigre. Otlo sukxm' forkoi mezunk melltta. Promannit vojnam jea mukhel promannit vojnaposun toyar keleant tanche tulle khatir voili tagddi chodd somvedonkxom' korun vozon korpache ochuk pod'doticho ovlomb korcho poddtta. Oxe toreche toyar kel'le tagdden nirvot ovsthent danddyeche vichlon prokaxokironnachea adaran mejpachi pod'dot vaprun ani vozon korpakhatir korpak lagpi soglleo kria tagddesaun boreach ontrauylean korun 1 doxkotteanx (109)forkoi mezunk melltta.
Promannit vojnacheo dhatu, akar, sofai adi babi eksarkeo asleo tori tatunt forok mell'lleat. Plettinom' va her dhatuposun favo ti zotnai gheun toyar kel'lea promannit vojnatoi bhaile votten soukayen rasainik ani prakritik bodol zatat.
Antororaxttri-i mulbhut 'kilogrem mankam toyar korpant ayil'lea vegvegllea raxttrantole kilogremoche nomune plettinom' (90%), iriddiyom'(10%) mixrodhatuche toyar kel'le axil'lean zaitim vorsam tatunt don kotteaxamporos chodd bodol zait asta. Vojnanchi muleam zoxim zoxim lhan astat tea tea promannant prixtthobhagachem kxetrofoll ani tatuntolem vostuman hanche gunnot'tor vaddot ravil'lean tacho tigpachem promann lhou vhou unnem zait rauta. Sadaronn mankakhatir 25% kromiym' ani 20% nikel axil'lem. Puraitoren esttenaitti ogonz tikhem ghott asta tem kollmena toxench tem uchch ochumboki-i asa. 80% nikel ani 20% kromiym' axil'lem ochumboki-i mixrodhatu hea kamant yoxsviponnan vapropant yeta. Bhartant sadaronn veuharant tagddevangodda vapropachim vojnam biddachim ani pitullochim (unnea molachem) kel'lim astat. Him vojnam niymit kallauporant xaski-i odhikarea koddlean topasun gheuchim poddttat.
Lambai kxetrofoll ani ghonfoll hanchim ekkam: dor eka xastrant mapnak khub mhotn asa. Lambai kxetrofoll ani ghonfoll hanchem mapon khub purvil'lea kallasaun vegvegllea pod'dotin kortale. Oxem purat'tvi-i utkhononam, xilalekh ani tamropott hea itihasik puraveamvoilean mhaiti melltta. Tacheuylean lambayechea mapnachi goroz soglleant poilim nirmann zali oxem dista. Jen'na monxan ghorache bandaullik ani zomnichi vibhagonni korunk survat keli, ten'na lambayeche mejnnek mhotv ailem. He khatir manok tharaupakhatir monxachem lokx soimantole ghoddamoddikodde ani aplea dehakodde gelem. Survek don gamvantolem ontor kitlem asa hem sangpakhatir dis hem promann dhorpachi chal axil'li. Ek gamv dusrea gamvaposun eka disachea ontracher asa mhollear zor ratdis provas kelo zalear eka udentasaun dusrea udenta meren cholot gelear to gamv yetlo. Orthant monxachea cholpache goticheroi ovlombun asta. Hem fokot lamb ontor mejpak upegi poddttalem. Punn unnea ontrakhatir hem manok upegi poddnaxil'lem. Dekhun kochchea svorupantlea lhan mankankhatir monxan svotachea payachi lambai, posril'lea tollhatachi rundai, koprasaun fuddlea hatachi modlea bottachea tonkameren lambai, angttho ani korongollichem tonk hatuntolem ontor adi vegvegllea lambayechim mankam nixrchit kelim. Don paulantolem mhollear dangetlea ontrauylean xetachi lambai - rundai mejtale. Stteddien hem lambayechem purvil'lem grik ekok xoryotint dhaupi goddean eka domat sarkea vegan dhavil'lem ontor hacher adaril'lem axil'lem. Fuddem zoxi zoxi somajik poristhiti bodlot geli ani voigoneanik udrogot zait geli toxi toxi mankanchi ek khaxeli pod'dot udeak aili. He pod'dotint don prokar sombhoutat. Eka prokarant mulbhut mankachi nivdd manvan apkhoxoyen korop va ekadri lambai sompi mhunn vechpachi ani tichem lhan vhodd bhag korun tacheuylean ekok nixrchit korpachem. Dusro prokar mhollear soimant upolbdh axil'lem ekadrem porinnam' gheun tache bhag korun mapon pod'dotichim mankam kaddpachim. Dusrea prokarchea mapon pod'dotiche udahoronn oxem
- angoll = 1 bhag
hatachea tollveachi rundai =4 bhag
hatachea agttheanchem tonk ani korongollichem tonk hanchemodolem ontor (vent)= 12 bhag
payachi lambai (futt)= 16 bhag
hat (kyubitt)= 24 bhag
ek paulam (dang)= 40 bhag
lamb eke ranget patllil'lea donoi= 96 bhag
bhuzanchi ekunn lambai
hyuentsong (i.So. 602 - 664) hea namnechea chini bhomvddekaran boroil'lea eka gronthat tea kallant bhartant prochlit axil'lea ontor mejpachem yozon hea ekkabd'dol mhaiti melltta. Soinean eka disant cholil'lea ontrak yozon oxi songonea tea kallant vaprotale.
1 yozon = 8 krox (kos)
1 krox = 500 bann
1 bann = 4 hat
1 hat = 24 angllam
1 angull = zovachea sat danneachi lambai
bhartantolim mettrik pod'dotichim vojnam procharant yeuche adim vegvegllea rajeant vegvegollim ekkam vyouharant axil'lim. Tatuntlea kaim rajeantlea mapnanchim ekkam oxim -
lambayechi ekkam : you (pottak pott laun) = 1 angoll
2 angllam = 1 tosu
12 tosu = 1 hat
4 hat = 1 dondd
2 kos = 1 gouyuti
4 angllam = 1 mutth
2 viti = 1 hat
vostr mojpachim ekkam : 2 angllam = 1 tosu
12 tosu 1 hat
2 hat = 1 goz
24 tosu = 1 goz
26 tosu va 16 gire = 1 var
zomnichi lambai va mejpachim ekkam: 12 tosu = 1 hat va 14 tosu = 1 hat
8000 hat = 1 kos
5 5/6 hat = 1 boddi
5 hat = 1 boddi
kxetromaponachim ekkam :
4 chouros angllam 1 chovo. Tosu